Earth's crust ranges from 5 to 70 kilometers in thickness and serves as the planet's outermost layer. This thin shell represents less than one percent of Earth's total mass, yet it's the only layer we ...

Figure showing that the dark matter waves (in red) drive the ionosphere's plasma to produce photons (in green) which propagate down (to the left) to the Earth's surface. Credit: Physical Review ...

thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density. Each of the layers are bounded by "pauses" where the greatest changes in thermal characteristics, chemical ...